全国成人高考专升本英语复习资料-语法动词

全国成人高考专升本英语复习资料-语法动词

二、动词
动词是表示动作或状态的词。
动词的分类：动词大体上分为及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。

1.及物动词
这类动词要求后接一个宾语、双宾语和复合宾语。
（1）后接一个宾语：及物动词+一个宾语，如have an idea 。
（2）后接双宾语：所谓双宾语是指有些及物动词可以接两个宾语。表达方式为：及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如bought me a car。其中me为间接宾语，a car 为直接宾语。双宾语的特点是间接宾语可以改为由介词to 或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语后面。
例： I wonder who will cook us meal today.
     A little girl gives an old man her seat on the bus.
（3）后接复合宾语：所谓复合宾语是指有些动词之后的宾语需加另一词或短语补充说明其状态、特征、身份、动作等，使得句子完整。表达方式为：及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如keep the room clean。
例：We leave him at home.
We ask him to join us.
 
2.不及物动词
这类动词不要求有宾语，很多动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。
例： He graduated.
     We won.
     We won a World Cup.  
 
3.连系动词    
这类动词本身有词义，但不能独立做谓语，必须有名词或形容词做它们的表语，构成系表结构。这类动词有：
appear,be,become,feel,get,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,taste.
例：He looks sharp today.
He finally became an engineer.
 
4.助动词
这类动词本身无意义，不能独立做谓语，必须与有适宜的动词共同表示时态，语态、语气、（否定、疑问）倒装或强调。这类动词有：be,do,have,shall,will。
例：Does Mary come every week? Never does she come.（疑问，倒装）
Mary didn't get the letter.
Mary would come if she were invited.
 
5.情态动词
这类动词本身有表示猜测、必要、能力以及义务之含义，但意义不完全，不能独立作谓语，必须与动词原形构成意义完整的谓语部分。这类动词有：can ,dare,may,must,need,ought to,shall,will.
例： He cannot offer is daughter's education.
     He might be about ten minutes late.
动词的形式
    动词有五种基本形式：动词原形、现在式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。除过去式和过去分词有规则和不规则两种变化外，其他均按其规则变化。
过去式和过去分词的不规则变化本书已经将其列表放入附录1。
动词时态概述
动词的时态由动词的时间和动词的状态相互组合而成。动词有四个时间段：现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时；四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行状态。
它们相互构成16种时态：

时态	现在时	过去时	将来时	过去将来时
一般	一般现在时	一般过去时	一般将来时	一般过去将来时
进行	现在进行时	过去进行时	将来进行时	▲过去将来进行时
完成	现在完成时	过去完成时	▲将来完成时	▲过去将来完成时
完成进行	现在完成进行时	▲过去完成进行时	▲将来完成进行时	▲过去将来完成进行时

一般现在时-动词+s形式的构成：

规则变化	原形动词结尾情况		现在时单三人称	e.g.
	一般情况		+s	book-books
	s, x, ch, sh, (读音为[s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]）结尾	+es		miss-misses, rush-rushes
	辅音字母+y结尾		y→i,+es	worry-worries
	o结尾		+es	go-goes, do-does
不规则变化			have→has；be→is	单数第一人称为am, 其他为are

过去式/过去分词(动词+ed)的构成：

规则变化	原形动词结尾情况	过去式和过去分词	e.g.
	一般情况	+ed	talk-talked
	辅音字母+y结尾	y→i,+ed	study-studied，但：play-played
	重读闭音节一元一辅结尾	双写辅音字母,+ed	stop-stopped, fit-fitted, refer-referred 但：mix-mixed, enter-entered, oil-oiled
	不发音的e结尾	+d	line-lined, decide-decided
不规则变化		(见不规则动词变化表)	详见附录一：不规则动词

1.动词时态的基本用法
（1）一般现在时：主语+动词现在式，表示经常发生的动作或状态，表示客观真理或科学事实，表示日常的行为、习惯或能力。常用的表示时间或频率的状语有：always，everyday，often，on Sundays，seldom，sometimes，usually，twice a week等等，当always 用在进行时时，通常表示对某一经常发生的动作或行为不满。
例： He runs 1,000 meters every morning.
     I have four classes on Mondays.
     He is always late.
（2）一般过去时：主语+动词过去式（V+ed），表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：last month, yesterday,today,just now ,in those days,in the year of... , ...ago等。
例： Where did you go yesterday?
     I just had a meeting this morning.
（3）现在进行时：主语+be的现在式（am/is/are）+现在分词（V+ing），表示说话时正在发生的动作或现阶段正在发生但此刻不一定正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有:at present,at this moment,now,these days等。
例： He is doing his homework while his parents are watching TV.
     We are working on a program these months.
要注意的是，有些动词是不能够用于现在进行时的agree,believe,belong,get,hate,hear,include,know,love,matter,need,prefer,possess,realize,recognize,see,seem,understand,want等。
（4）过去进行时：主语+be的过去式(was/were)+现在分词(V+ing)，表示过去某一时间内进行的动作。时间状语有：yesterday,today,this afternoon等。
例：What were you doing when I called you this afternoon?
At that time she was working as librarian in a library.
(5)现在完成时：主语 +have/has+过去分词(V+ed)，表示对现在仍有影响的过去发生的动作。常用的引导短语或从句的词以及时间状语有：after,before,during,for,from,in,since,alreday,just,this week,today,now,up to now,in the past ,never,so far,recently,always,long ago,till/until 等。
例： I have never been to Hawaii.
     We haven't had any problems so far.
(6)过去完成时：主语+had+过去分词(V+ed)，表示过去某段时间以前完成的动作。时间状语有：by the end, that year,no sooner ... than,before,last year,ago, yestaday等。
例： No sooner had I stepped in the room than the phone rang.
过去完成时还出现在间接引语中，作said,told,knew,heard等的从句。
I heard you had finished your homework.
(7)现在完成进行时：主语+have/has been +现在分词(V+ing)，表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在，但不一定继续下去。时间状语有：all this time,all day,this month,recently等。
例： It has been raining all day.
     What have you been doing?
(8)过去完成进行时：主语+had been +现在分词(V+ing)，表示动作从过去某一时间以前开始直到那个时间。
例：We had been talking about you when you came in.
    At last he got the offer from the university he had been expecting.
(9)一般将来时：主语+shall/will +动词原形，表示将要发生的动作。时间状语有：tomorrow,next year,in a few days,today等。
例： We shall be on holiday next week.
     What time will he arrive there?
(10)过去将来时：主语+should/would+动词原形，表示过去将来要发生的动作，通常用于宾语从句。
例： He sail he would discuss the problem with his professor.
其他一般将来时和过去将来时的表示方法：be going to +动词原形，be+to+动词原形，be about to +动词原形，以及现在进行时。
例： They are going to climb the West Mountains tomorrow.
     I was just about to leave ween you came in.
     The New Year is coming.
     Mary is to get married next week.
(11)将来进行时：主语+shall/will be +现在分词(V+ing)，表示将来的某个时间正在发生的动作。时间状语有：tomorrow,in two years,this time next year等。
例：Can you imagine what you will be doing this time four years later.
(12)过去将来进行时：主语+shlould/would be+现在分词(V+ing)，表示过去未来的某个时间将进行的动作，通常用于宾语从句。
例：He asked me what I should be doing tomorrow evening.
(13)将来完成时：主语+will have+过去分词(V+ed)，表示将来某一刻前已完成的动作。
例：Hurry up, or our train will have left before we get there.
(14)过去将来完成时：主语+should/would have +过去分词(V+ed)，表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作，通常作宾语从句。
例：We hoped that we should have moved into our new house by the end of the month.
(15)将来完成进行时：主语+shall/will have been+现在分词(V+ing)，表示将来某时一直延续的动作。
例：She will have been teaching in this school for 30 years by next summer.
 (16)过去将来完成进行时，很少用到。

2、部分动词时态间的区别
(1)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：现在完成时表示的是对现在有影响的发生在过去的动作。而现在完成进行时则表示某动作从过去开始一直到现在，该动作也许已停止，也许仍继续。
例： The student has worked on his homework all night.
     The student has been working on his homework all night.
(2)一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：一般过去时强调动作本身，而现在完成时强调动作所产生的影响。
例： I worked for that company three years ago.
     I have worked for that company for three years.
(3)过去完成时与现在完成时的区别：两者时间表示不同。前者表示过去发生以前发生的动作，而后者表示现在以前发生的动作。
例：Mother had had supper ready before her children got home.(做饭的动作发生在过去的以前)
Mother has had supper ready before her children get home.（做饭的动作发生在现在的以前）

（一）动词的语态
动词的语态有两种，主动语态和被动语态。主动态中主语时谓语动作的发出者，而被动态中主语则是谓语动作的承受者。两种语态的表现形式为：        
主动态=主语（动作的发出者）+谓语
被动态=主语（动作的承受者）+be+及物动词的过去分词（+by+动作的发出者）
例：The company just hired twenty new workers.
    Twenty new workers were just hired by the company.

1、被动态的时态变化
一般现在时：be done
一般过去时：was/were done
现在进行时：be being done
过去进行时：was/were being done
一般将来时：will be done
过去将来时：would be done
现在完成时：have/has been done
过去完成时：had been done
将来完成时：will have been done
过去将来完成时：would have been done
例：The Mountain Climbing has been canceled because of the rain.
    He said his book wouldn't have been done by the end of the year.

2、被动语态的其他表现形式
（1）习惯上用于被动语态的句型：
It is believed that...     人们相信...
It is decided that...    大家决定...
It is hoped that...        希望...
It is remembered that...    记住...
It is reported that...    据报道...
It is said that...    有人建议...
It is thought that...    人们认为...
It is known that...    众说周知...
It is done                完成了。
例： It is reported that between forty and fifty people have died in the fighting.
     It is well known that he was one of the most famous movie stars of his day.
(2)动词的主动形式表示被动意义。含有被动意义的动词有： blame,clean, cook,cut,remain,sell,wash等。
例：Tickets for the show sold out in 70 minutes.
    My life is ruined and I suppose I only have myself to blame.

动词的语气
语气有三种：陈述语气、陈述事实;祈使语气、发出命令、提出请求等；虚拟语气，表达愿望、建议、假设等。
例： She was accepted by Beijing University.(陈述)
     Don't open the windows.（祈使）
     If I were you, I would try it again.（虚拟）
 
1、条件句中的虚拟语气：条件句有两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。
真实条件句表达与事实相符或完全可能发生的假设。
例：I won't go if it rains.
虚拟条件的几种情况：
(1)与现在事实相反，公式：If +主语+动词过去式/were...，主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形。
例：If I were you ,I would accept his apology.
（我不是你）
(2)与过去事实相反,公式：If+主语+had+过去分词...，主语+should/would/could/might/+have+过去分词。
例：If he hadn't been so busy ,he must have come to your birthday party.
(3)与将来事实相反，公式：If+主语+动词过去式/should/were to...,主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形。
例：She won't come tomorrow.But if she should come,I would ask her to ring you.
(4)If的省略。条件句中含有情态动词、助动词、be或have 时，if可省略，但情态动词、助动词、be或have必须前置。
例：Were I you, I would accept his apology.
 
2、从句中的虚拟语气：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气表示命令、建议、愿望等。
(1)主语从句。指It is /was+形容词+that+主语should+动词原形+...，从句中的should可省略。It 是形式主语，后面that引导的从句才是真正的主语，为主句从句。可用于这种句型的形容词包括：decided、desired、important、necessary、ordered、proposed、requested、required、settled、suggested表示决定、愿望、重要、必要、建议等。
例：It is desired that we (should)get everything ready by tonight.
    It is suggested that the meeting (should)be canceled.
(2)宾语从句。指主语+某些动词+that+从句主语+should+动词原形+...，从句中的should可省略。这些动词包括：ask、advise、beg、command、demand、desire、insist、order、propose、request、suggest，表示命令、建议、愿望、坚持等。
例：I propose that we (should) move to the new house next week.
    The professor suggested that the meeting (should) be canceled.
(3)表语从句。指主语+is that+从句主语+should do+...，从句中的should可省略。做主语的名词有：idea、motion、order、plan 、proposal、recommendation、suggestion，表示想法、计划、提议、建议等。
例： My proposal is that you (should) do the research alone.
     His suggestion is that the meeting (should) be canceled.
(4)定语从句。指It is time that +从句主语+动词过去式或should do+...，其中should不能省略。表示到什么时候了。
例：It is time that we went to bed.
    It is high time that we should make a decision.
(5)状语从句。指as if /though+从句主语+动词过去式...表示好像；lest+从句主语+should do+ ...表示唯恐。
例：It looks as if it was/were going to rain.
He put his coat over the girl lest she should catch cold.
 
3、其他形式的虚拟语气：在wish后做宾语的从句，表示愿望、遗憾。表达现在的愿望时，从句中的谓语动词用过去式或过去进行时；表达对已发生的事感到后悔、遗憾时，从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时；表达对将来的愿望时，从句中的谓语动词用过去将来时。Be不分人称均为were。
例：I wish I were as slim as you.
I wish I had not told him that, or he won't quit.
 
非谓语动词
非谓语动词分四种：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。非谓语动词的特点是不能作谓语，但可在句中做其他成分。
1、动词不定式
（1）动词不定式的时态和语态。动词不定式有三种时态（一般时、进行时、完成时）和两种语态（主动态和被动态）的变化。
动词不定式的三种时态表现形式：
一般时  to do
进行时  to be doing
完成时  to have done
动词不定式的被动语态：to be done
动词不定式的否定式：not to do
例：I couldn't ask him to come.(一般时)
    He feels so good to be working with some friends at such a moment.（进行时）
    He seems to have read that letter.（完成时）
    The book he wrote is going to be sent to the publisher.（被动语态）
He decided not to quit the job.（否定式）
(2)动词不定式作宾语
①动词不定式作形容词的宾语，表示情感。形式为：形容词+to do。这类动词有：afraid，angry,anxious，careful，clever，content，determined，eager，foolish，free，glad，happy，interesting，likely，lucky，prepared，quick，ready，slow，sorry，sure，surprised，willing，wrong等。
例：I am glad to see you.
②动词不定式作动词的宾语。形式为：动词+to do。这类动词有：afford，aim，agree，appear，arrange，ask，bother，care，choose，come，dare，decide，demand，determine，desire，elect，expect，fail，happen，help，hesitate，hope，learn，mean，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，seem，wait，wish等。
例：Would you care to join us for dinner?
(3)动词不定式短语
①疑问词+to do，这类疑问词有：how,waht,when,where,which,who,why等。
例：No one knows how to contact with her.
②It is +形容词+for+名词/代词+to do sth。
名词/代词为动词不定式的逻辑主语，是动词不定式动作的发出者。
例:The lecturer writes something on the board for the                                                                                     audience to take notes easilly.
③It is +形容词+of+名词/代词+to do sth。of前大多作为形容词，表示动词不定式的动作所产生的情感。通常用It is/was ...句型。这类形容词有bad，bold，clever，cruel，rude，good，honest，kind，nice，thoughtful，typical，wise，wrong等。
例：It is very rude of you to treat him like that.
④动词不定式短语作独立成分。在句中可作独立成分的动词不定式短语有：so to speak可以说，strange to say说来奇怪，to be brief简言之，to be exact确切地说，to be fair公平的说，to be frank坦言之，to be sure无疑，to begin with首先，to conclude总之，to make a long story short长话短说，to tell the truth说实话。
例：Strange to say,how did he get the news?
有些词组后跟的to不是动词不定式的标志，而是介词，此时to后不能跟动词原形，只能是名词或动名词。这类词组有：admit to承认，be accustomed to习惯于，be devoted to致力于，be/get used to习惯于，devote oneself to献身于，look forward to盼望，pay attention to注意，stick to坚持，turn to开始、着手于，等等。
例：Eventually you get used to the smells in the laboratory.
He looks forward to visiting Beijing earlier.
 
2.动名词
(1)动名词的时态和语态。动名词有两种时态（一般时和完成时）和两种语态（主动语态和被动语态）的变化。
动名词的两种时态：一般时   doing
                  完成时   having done
动名词的被动语态：一般时   being done
                  完成时   having been done
动名词的否定式： not doing
例：They like playing games together.（一般时）
    I couldn't remember having seen him.（完成时）
    He was delighted for being hired by the big company.（被动语态）
    She was upset for not passing the test.（否定式）
(2)动名词的逻辑主语。其构成是在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格。
例：Their coming is a great help to us.
    Is there any hope of Mary's getting that position?
(3)动名词作动词宾语。有些动词后只能接动名词，而不能接动词不定式。这类动词有：avoid，can't help,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,excuse，fancy，finish，include，keep，mind，resist，risk，postpone，practise，require,suggest等。
例：I try to avoid going shopping on Sundays.
注意：有些动词后可接动名词也可接动词不定式。这类动词有：begin,can't bear,can't afford,continue,deserve,dislike,hate,like,love,need,neglect,prefer,propose,start等。这些动词后接动名词或动词不定式时，其意义不变。但有些动词后接动名词或动词不定式时意义则不同。这类动词有：regret，remember，stop等。
例： She stops reading.
     She stops to read.
 
3.现在分词
（1）现在分词的时态和语态。现在分词有两种时态（一般时、完成时）和两种语态（主动语态和被动语态）的变化。主要起形容词和副词的作用。
现在分词的时态：一般时       doing
                完成时       having done
现在分词被动态：一般时       being done
                完成时       having been done
现在分词的否定式：not doing
例：They came into the room laughing and talking.（一般时）
    Not knowing his phone number I couldn't contact him.（否定式）
    Having cleaned the room she began to work on her reading.（完成时）
    Having been treated nicely in the hospital ,the patient was deeply moved.（完成时被动语态）
(2)现在分词的逻辑主语。现在分词的逻辑主语有两种情况。一种是当现在分词短语作状语时，他的逻辑主语必须与谓语动词的逻辑主语一致。第二种情况是如果两个部分的逻辑主语不一致，现在分词短语必须有自己的逻辑主语。其表现形式为：名词/代词主格+现在分词短语。
例：Having known him for such a long time,she is sure that he won't do that.
She having left,the rest went on discussing.
 
4.过去分词
(1)过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作。表现形式：done。
例：The experience gained will be of great value to us.（完成）
Those sent to the west will work there for one year.（被动）
(2)过去分词的逻辑主语同现在分词的逻辑主语的情况一样。过去分词短语的逻辑主语应与谓语动词的逻辑主语一致，或有自己的逻辑主语。表现形式为：名词/代词主格+过去分词短语。
例：All things considered, the situation is proved serious.
    Surrounded by so many fans,the singer star rushed out of the hall.
5.现在分词与过去分词的区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动态，而过去分词表示被动态。在时态上，现在分词表示该动作与谓语动词同时发生，或正在发生。而过去分词则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前，或没有一定的时间性。
 
课后习题讲解
Miss Gao came to our school in 2006. She ________ here for four years.  
A．teaches      
B．taught  
C．has taught
答案：C
解析：本题考查现在完成时态。由句中的介词for可判断。它是现在完成时态的标志，故选C。
 
—Have you ever ________ Xingkai Lake?
—Yes. I ________ there last month. It's quite beautiful.
A．gone to; went     
B．been to; went      
C．been to; go
答案：B
 
—Do you know when the 29th Olympic Games ________？
—Yes, in 2008.
A．hold     
B．is held  
C．was held
答案：C
解析：奥林匹克运动会的举行需要用被动时态，由于29届奥林匹克运动会在过去举行的，所以用过去时态的被动语态，故选C。
 
—John, you can't go out to play until your homework ________.
—OK, Mum.
A．finishes  
B．has finished    
C．is finished
答案：C
 
—Where's Li Hua?
—Look! He ________ tennis on the playground.
A．plays   
B．played
C．was playing   
D．is playing
答案：D
解析：look是现在进行时的标志，故答案应选D。
 
—Jack? Jack? Can you come?
—I ________ my homework.
A．do          
B．will do  
C．am doing                 
D．was doing
答案：C
 
—I ________ cleaning my bedroom. It's clean now.
—Wow. When ________ you ________ it?
A．have finished; did; finish  
B．finished; have; finished
C．finish; do; finish  
D．have finished; have; finished
答案：A
解析：本题考查现在完成时态和过去时态。句意为“我已经打扫了我的房间，现在干净了。你什么时候打扫的？”故选A。
 
—You have a nice watch.
—Thank you. I ________ it since I got married.
A．had             
B．bought        
C．have had               
D．have bought
答案：C
 
—What did your dad tell you, my baby?
—He said the sun ________ in the east.
A．went up           
B．will go up          
C．goes up
答案：C
解析：虽然按照宾语从句的知识，主句是过去时，从句也要用过去的时态，但是这里的从句说的是客观真理“太阳从东方升起”，所以不用过去，而用一般现在时态，所以选择答案C。
 
Our teacher told us that light ________ faster than sound.
A．travels         
B．travelled   
C．travelling            
D．is travelled
答案：A
 
—It's difficult for the village children to cross the river for school.
—I think a bridge ________ over the river.
A．should be built       
B．is being built   
C．has been built        
D．was built
答案：A
解析：我认为桥应该被建，所以应该用被动语态，故选A。
 


全国成人高考专升本英语复习资料-语法动词