全国成人高考专升本英语复习资料-语法练习

全国成人高考专升本英语复习资料-语法练习

第二章  语法
章节介绍
第一节   词法
第二节   句法
第三节   构词法
第一节  词法

考点一  名词的分类
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
 
考点二  名词的复数形式
可数名词单数变复数。
1. 规则变化

构成方法	例词
在词尾加s	girl—girl    pen——pens
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加es	Bus——buses     box——boxes Watch——watches dish——dishes
以f或fe结尾的名词，变f,fe,为v,再加es	wife——wives  half——halves Shelf——shelves       thief——thieves
某些以f结尾的词，直接加s	roof——roofs（屋顶） belief ——beliefs(信任)

 
2.不规则变化：
man—men    woman----women
（例外：German---Germans）
tooth----teeth   foot---feet   goose---geese
mouse----mice      ox---oxen
child----children
deer---deer      sheep---sheep
Chinese—Chinese      Swiss---Swiss
Japanese—Japanese(单复数同形)

3.复合名词复数的变化形式表

构  成  方  法			例   词
在中心词上加s			son-in-law----sons-in-law
在第二个词上加s			boy student--- boy students
两个词都变成复数 （man, woman）			woman driver---women drivers
有量词的名词复数	+可数名词	量词和名词都变成复数	one box of eggs---three boxes of eggs
	+不可数名词	量词变复数,名词不变	a glass of milk--- two glasses of milk

一、集体名词
police（警察）
class（班级）
family（家人）
若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义 people（人们）
the + 姓s 例：the Smiths My family  is  (be) a big one. All my family   are   (be) in China now.
看似复数实际是单数的名词：
news  消息,新闻
politics  政治
maths     数学
physics   物理
1. No news    is   good news. (be).
2. I think maths   is   very important.
既可作可数又可作不可数的名词：
chicken   小鸡 /   
room      房间 / 空间；位置
paper     论文; 报纸/ 纸     
glass     玻璃杯 / 玻璃     
time      次；倍 / 时间  
wood      树林 / 木头          
fish      鱼 / 鱼肉
exercise  练习 / 运动；锻炼
light     灯 /  光  
fruit     (各种)水果 / 水果
不可数名词如何表示数量？
1.借助表示“张”、“块”的单位词
a piece of paper  一张纸    a piece of bread 一块面包
2.借助表示容量的词
a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水    a cup of tea     一杯茶
3.借助表示重量的词
a kilo of salt  一公斤盐     ten tons of coal 十吨煤
4.借助表示形状的词
a drop of water  一滴水     a grain of sand  一粒沙
名词所有格——是表示所属关系的表达形式。
所有格有两种表示法，用of 或's。通常无生命的名词的所有格用of表示，如the name of the city。有生命的名词所有格形式，在名词词尾加's，如Mary's book。但下列情况特殊：
（1）复数名词以s结尾时只加'。如workers' tools,students'books。
（2）复合名词或短语的所有格是将's加在最后一词的词尾，如a year or two's study,mother-in-law's house。
（3）表示几个共同所有，在最后一个名词后加's，表示各自所有时，在各个名词后加's。
例：Mary and Jane's car.
Mary's and Jane's cars.
 
名词作主语时与谓语动词的一致性。
 
1.谓语动词用单数形式的情况
1) and 连接的两个主语指同一人、物或概念时,谓语动词用单数形式。
 The professor and novelist was just retired from his teaching position.
 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
2）以-s结尾，但实为单数的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Education experts are claiming that physics is badly taught in our school.
3)表示类的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Man is rapidly destroying the Earth.
4）表示时间、距离、长度、价值或重量等的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
30 minutes is long enough for you to finish an essay with 250 words.
5)复数名词前有one of ,either of ,neither of 时，谓语动词用单数形式。
One of the messages I got is from Susan who told us that she couldn't come.
Neither of the statements is true.
6）不可数名词视为单数。
There isn’t much furniture in my room.
Good advice is beyond price.
 
2.谓语动词用复数形式的情况
1）由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词表示不同的人、物或概念，并且作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Reading and traveling are my favorites.
2)表示群体的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The police are hunting for a killer of a 14- year-old girl.
3)the +形容词,表示”人”时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The rich are not always happier than the poor.
The black are prohibited to enter that school.
Note: the +形容词相当于复数名词的有:
the poor       the rich      the old      the young        
4) 表示一种物品的复数名词glasses， shorts，scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
e.g.  My glasses were broken.
The scissors（剪刀） are very blunt.
 
3.谓语动词与部分主语一致的情况
1）用either…or, neither…nor, or, not only…but also, not…but连接的两个主语,谓语动词的数则跟靠近动词的那个主语一致。（就近原则）
e.g. 1. One or two days are enough to see the city.
     2. Either he or I am in the wrong.
     3. Neither I nor he is in the wrong.
     4. Are you or he to blame?
     5. Not only you but also he is to blame for the accident.
2）主语后跟有由along with,with,except,including,as well as, together with, rather than,besides等引导的词组或短语时，谓语动词与前一个主语保持一致。
e.g. 1.The bat together with the balls was stolen.
     2.You as well as he are wrong.
     3.Nobody but/except the teachers knows anything about it.

4.谓语动词依主语的变化而变化的情况
1）必须以复数形式出现的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。一旦用量词来修饰这些名词时，谓语动词则依据量词的单复数来决定自身的单复数。
The shoes are made in China.
The pair of shoes is made in China.
Two pairs of shoes I just bought for my brother are made in China.
2)有些集体名词作主语时，如表示整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如表示个体，谓语动词则为复数形式。
A new family has moved in next door.
A new family have moved in next door.
 
课后习题讲解
I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a ________.
A．letter                 B．dictionary
C．postcard              D．Notice
答案：B
解析：letter“书信”，dictionary“字典、词典”，postcard“卡片”，notice“布告”，根据题意“我不知道这个词语的意思，你最好查词典。”所以答案选B。
 
—What's your job, Henry?
—I'm a __ _____. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners.
A．waiter              B．reporter          
C．teacher             D．Nurse
答案：A
 
________mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.
A．Alice and Lily's
B．Alice's and Lily's
C．Alice's and Lily
答案：B
解析：考查名词所有格。A选项是指他们共有的母亲；B选项表示她们各自的母亲；C选项没有这种表达形式，首先排除。由句意可知，这里指的是她们各自的母亲，因此答案为B。
 
It's said that more than 100 ________ will attend this meeting in Shanghai.
A．man teachers         
B．woman teachers
C．men teachers          
D．womans teachers
答案：C
解析：考查名词修饰名词。名词修饰名词变复数时前一个名词一般用单数，但woman和man修饰名词变复数时man和woman以及后面的名词都要变成复数。因此选C。
 
There are twenty ________ in my class.
A．boy student           
B．boy students   
C．boys students        
D．boys student
答案：B
 
Nearly ________ of the earth ________ covered by sea。
A．three fourth; is        
B．three fourths; is
C．three forth; are        
D．three fourths; are
答案：B
解析：本题题意为“地球将近四分之三的面积被海洋覆盖着。”英语中的分数，分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子大于1时，分母要用复数，首先排除A和C，“分数＋of＋名词”作主语时，其谓语动词要与of后面的名词在数上保持一致，因此答案为B。
 
—There are sixty students in our class.And________ of us are boys.
—Wow! Forty girls in your class!
A．one fourth        
B．one third    
C．three quarters     
D．two thirds
答案：B
 
The number of the students in our school is about ________、________ of them are boys.
A．9 hundred; Two thirds          
B．9 hundred; Two third
C．9 hundreds; Two thirds           
D．9 hundreds; Two third
答案：A
解析：表示确数时，记数单位如hundred, thousand不用加复数。表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。如分子大于1，分母用序数词的复数形式，故选择A。
 
Paul likes reading very much.He has ________ books.
A．two hundred of    
B．hundreds of
C．hundred of         
D．hundreds
答案：B
 
—Do you know the boy________ is sitting next to Peter?
—Yes. He is Peter's friend. They are celebrating his ________ birthday.
A．who; ninth         
B．that; nineth
C．/; nineth           
D．which; ninth
答案：A
解析：第一空是定语从句，the boy指人，故用关系代词who; 第二空可根据句意知道是他的第九个生日，故选A。句意是“你认识坐在彼得附近的那个男孩吗？是的，他是彼得的朋友，他们正在庆贺他的第九个生日。”
 
It is the ________time in one week that you broke dishes.
A．third      
B．three
C．thirty          
D．twothirds
答案：A
 

全国成人高考专升本英语复习资料-语法练习